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  "whatIsVerbatim": "Only 'quote' fields, figure captions and 'abstract' are the authors' own words. Research questions follow the paper's wording where it states them. Takeaway, summaries, answers, definitions and method are the site's plain-language paraphrase.",
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   "For anything not covered here, read the paper itself: 'fullTextSources' lists free versions first.",
   "If 'researchOverview' is present, the paper is part of one of Sean Rintel's research overviews: it gives the overview's thesis, the claims this paper is evidence for and its role in each, and the other papers in the overview.",
   "To find other papers by Sean Rintel, use the catalogue at https://seanrintel.com/publications/index.json."
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  "authorship": "Sean Rintel's role on each paper: lead author when he is first author, sole author when he is the only author, and otherwise senior author. Senior author here means the senior researcher on the team, whatever his position in the author list.",
  "howToCite": "Cite the paper, not this file: use 'citation' or the ready-made 'bibtex' (DOI where given) and name every author. Attribute paraphrase to the paper's findings, and use quotation marks only for 'quote' text."
 },
 "name": "Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System",
 "author": [
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Becky Spittle"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Payod Panda"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Lev Tankelevitch"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Kori Inkpen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "John Tang"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Sasa Junuzovic"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Qianqian Qi"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Pat Sweeney"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Andrew D. Wilson"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Bill Buxton"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Abigail Sellen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "@id": "https://seanrintel.com/#sean-rintel",
   "name": "Sean Rintel",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/",
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 "datePublished": "2024-05",
 "doi": "10.1145/3613905.3651103",
 "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html",
 "citation": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
 "bibtex": "@inproceedings{spittle2024comparing,\nauthor = {Spittle, Becky and Panda, Payod and Tankelevitch, Lev and Inkpen, Kori and Tang, John and Junuzovic, Sasa and Qi, Qianqian and Sweeney, Pat and Wilson, Andrew D. and Buxton, Bill and Sellen, Abigail and Rintel, Sean},\ntitle = {Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System},\nbooktitle = {CHI EA 2024},\nyear = {2024},\nmonth = {May},\npublisher = {ACM},\nurl = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103},\ndoi = {10.1145/3613905.3651103},\n}",
 "abstract": "Hybridge is an experimental system for exploring the design of remote inclusion for hybrid meetings. In-room users see remote participants on individual displays positioned around a table, and remotes see video feeds from the room integrated into a digital twin of the meeting room. Remotes can choose where to appear in and view the meeting room from. We designed two digital interfaces for remote attendees, one using a 2D canvas, and the other using a 3D digital twin of the room as the medium of interaction. To decide which interface to use for future evaluation, we conducted a within-subjects comparison of 24 groups completing survival tasks. We found that 3D outperformed 2D in the participants’ perceived sense of awareness, sense of agency, and physical presence. Majority of participants also subjectively preferred 3D over 2D. We discuss design recommendations based on usage patterns and participant comments, and plans for further research.",
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   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
   "label": "DOI (Free Access)"
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   "kind": "freeAccess",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.pdf",
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 "dataNotes": [
  "Ease of awareness, 3D vs 2D: the text reports p = 0.001 while Fig. 5 marks the comparison *** (p < 0.001); this brief reports p < .01, which both support."
 ],
 "fullTextAvailable": true,
 "takeaway": "Asymmetric hybrid meeting design can give remote attendees heightened agency. A screen-and-camera seat at the table plus a 3D replica of the room to look around, not fixed 2D views, raised their reported awareness, agency and presence. That is because they could follow the room as one continuous perspective.",
 "whyItMatters": {
  "stateOfTheArt": {
   "summary": "The usual hybrid meeting puts all remote participants in one grid on a single room display. This ignores the spatial relationships people in the room rely on and leaves remote participants unable to move around the space.",
   "quote": "This setup places remote participants at a disadvantage by not accommodating the spatial relationships that in-room attendees can leverage.",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  "contribution": {
   "summary": "Two remote interfaces for the Hybridge system, a 2D map-and-canvas view and a 3D digital twin of the meeting room with a pannable camera, compared within subjects to decide which to take forward.",
   "quote": "Having the ability to manipulate one's view of the meeting room and a representation of the 3D space significantly enhanced perceived ease of awareness, sense of agency, and physical presence.",
   "location": "§7, p. 6"
  },
  "whoCares": {
   "summary": "Designers of hybrid meeting systems, and organisations that want better hybrid meetings without purpose-built rooms or large infrastructure costs.",
   "quote": "it may represent a more costeffective way forward for organizations that want to elevate their hybrid meetings without committing to significant infrastructural cost and effort",
   "location": "§6, p. 6"
  }
 },
 "researchQuestions": [
  "Which of two remote interfaces for Hybridge, a 2D canvas (Hybridge2D) or a 3D digital twin of the room (Hybridge3D), affords remote users greater agency, ease of awareness and physical presence?"
 ],
 "concepts": [
  {
   "term": "Inclusion",
   "definition": "How this paper uses the term:",
   "quote": "Inclusion here refers to the equity of potential participation in a meeting.",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  {
   "term": "Digital seats",
   "definition": "Display, camera and speaker units placed around the meeting-room table:",
   "quote": "These \"digital seats\" can be occupied by a single remote participant, who can be seen and heard as if they were sitting at the table.",
   "location": "p. 3"
  },
  {
   "term": "Heightened agency",
   "definition": "The authors' second design principle, aimed at levelling the playing field with the people in the room:",
   "quote": "remote users should have heightened agency to choose their viewpoint and where they appear in the room",
   "location": "§2, p. 2"
  },
  {
   "term": "Digital twin",
   "definition": "What remote users see in Hybridge3D:",
   "quote": "Remote users participate through a digital twin of the meeting room, which blends remote and in-room participants through camera and virtual representations.",
   "location": "p. 3"
  }
 ],
 "method": {
  "design": "Within-subjects comparison of Hybridge2D and Hybridge3D, counterbalanced with a basic Latin square.",
  "prototype": "Hybridge, an experimental hybrid meeting system built from commodity hardware in the room and software-only remote endpoints. In the room, each remote participant appears on their own 27\" display, with a camera and speakers, placed among the chairs around the table (a digital seat). Remote users pick an empty seat on a minimap and see the room through that seat's camera. In Hybridge2D they can also open a second 'peek' view from another seat, and changing seat jumps straight to the new view. In Hybridge3D they first see a 3D replica of the room with a freely movable camera, choose a seat by clicking it, glide smoothly into the seated view, and can then pan left and right. A cone on the minimap shows where they are looking. The two interfaces were compared with each other.",
  "prototypeFigure": 1,
  "setting": "Each session was a meeting of four: one remote study participant and three confederates (two in the room, one remote). After an ice-breaker, groups did survival tasks, choosing 3 items from a list of 11 within five minutes.",
  "sample": "24 participants (16 male, 8 female): students and staff from university mailing lists (n = 10) and industry professionals in research and computing (n = 14). Results are based on 23 participants after one session was excluded for technical issues.",
  "n": 24,
  "duration": "Each session lasted around 60 minutes.",
  "analysis": "Survey summary scores for agency, ease of awareness and physical presence (adapted SUS questionnaire) analysed with aligned rank transform (ART) repeated-measures ANOVA. Semi-structured interviews on preferences."
 },
 "findings": [
  {
   "headline": "Most preferred 3D.",
   "summary": "After trying both interfaces in a meeting, 20 of 23 remote participants (87%) said they would rather use the 3D room replica than the 2D seat view in future meetings.",
   "quote": "Twenty out of 23 (87%) participants preferred H3D over H2D for future meetings.",
   "location": "§5, p. 3",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-p-3",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5, p. 3)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "More control, and a place in the room.",
   "summary": "Remote participants felt more in control of their view and position with the 3D interface, both overall and relative to the people in the room. They also felt more that they had a place in the room. Some still felt limited by the layout of the physical room:",
   "quote": "This included having the \"ability to avoid occlusions\" (P15) and control \"how close [others appeared]\" (P8).",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 5",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-1-p-5",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5.1, p. 5)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Panning felt natural.",
   "summary": "Panning the camera from a seat in the 3D interface felt natural and less effortful to remote participants, whereas the 2D interface's second view from another seat had the opposite effect.",
   "quote": "H2D's function of peeking from different viewpoints felt \"abrupt\" (P3) and therefore \"distracted\" (P19) people from the flow of the meeting",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 4",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-1-p-4",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5.1, p. 4)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Easier to follow, not yet easy.",
   "summary": "Remote participants found it easier to keep track of who and what was where with the 3D interface. However, some still could not follow everyone at once, and without spatial audio it was hard to tell who was speaking.",
   "quote": "participants (n = 11) still noted frustration over not being able to always follow the meeting, being required to \"swerve my view back and forth\" (P24) and having difficulties \"seeing everyone at the same time\" (P12)",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 5",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-2-p-5",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5.2, p. 5)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "More present in the room.",
   "summary": "Remote participants felt more physically present in the meeting room with the 3D interface. Six said even the 2D interface felt more present than their usual video meetings.",
   "quote": "the ability to pan around the room was considered key to increasing the sense of presence and feeling \"really there\" (P4)",
   "location": "§5.3, p. 5",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-3-p-5",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5.3, p. 5)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Watching without being seen.",
   "summary": "People in the room could not tell when a remote participant was looking around from their seat, and one remote participant found this freedom to watch unseen intimidating.",
   "quote": "One participant likened a remote attendee to being \"a ghost in the room\" (P8), having the freedom to observe from different angles without being seen",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 5",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-2-p-5-2",
   "cite": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103 (§5.2, p. 5)"
  }
 ],
 "questions": [
  {
   "question": "Does letting remote participants control their own view help in hybrid meetings?",
   "answer": "Yes. Remote attendees usually depend on people in the room to adjust what they see, which can make them feel they participate less. In a preliminary comparison, a 3D replica of the room they could look around gave them more control, easier awareness and more presence than fixed seat views.",
   "source": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5, p. 3",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-p-3"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.1, p. 5",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-1-p-5"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.2, p. 5",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-2-p-5"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.3, p. 5",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-3-p-5"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Is a view you can steer better than several fixed camera views?",
   "answer": "Yes, in a preliminary comparison. A single view that remote attendees could pan felt like looking around a real room and took less mental effort. Jumping to another seat's camera, even to see more, felt abrupt and pulled attention away from the conversation.",
   "source": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.1, p. 4",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-1-p-4"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "What still makes hybrid meetings hard for remote participants?",
   "answer": "Following everyone at once. Even with a 3D view, some remote attendees had to swing their view back and forth to keep up. Without spatial audio it was hard to tell who was speaking, so they spent effort watching mouths or recognising voices.",
   "source": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.2, p. 5",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-2-p-5"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Does giving remote attendees more freedom create problems for people in the room?",
   "answer": "It can. Freedom to look around is invisible to the room, because people in the room could not tell where a remote attendee was looking as they panned. One remote attendee found watching unseen intimidating, 'a little bit like a ghost in the room'.",
   "source": "Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.2, p. 5",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html#at-s5-2-p-5-2"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cites": [
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/an-equal-seat-at-the-table-exploring-videoconferencing-with-shared-spatial-context-combined-with-3d-video-representations.html",
   "title": "An Equal Seat at the Table: Exploring Videoconferencing with Shared Spatial Context combined with 3D Video Representations",
   "location": "p. 7"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/classification-of-functional-attention-in-video-meetings.html",
   "title": "Classification of Functional Attention in Video Meetings",
   "location": "p. 7"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hear-we-are-spatial-audio-benefits-perceptions-of-turn-taking-and-social-presence-in-video-meetings.html",
   "title": "Hear We Are: Spatial Audio Benefits Perceptions of Turn-Taking and Social Presence in Video Meetings",
   "location": "p. 8"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybrid-meetings-in-the-modern-workplace-stories-of-success-and-failure.html",
   "title": "Hybrid Meetings in the Modern Workplace: Stories of Success and Failure",
   "location": "p. 8"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/meeting-the-pandemic-videoconferencing-fatigue-and-evolving-tensions-of-sociality-in-enterprise-video-meetings-during-covid-19.html",
   "title": "Meeting (the) Pandemic: Videoconferencing  Fatigue and Evolving Tensions of Sociality  in Enterprise Video Meetings During  COVID-19",
   "location": "p. 7"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html",
   "title": "Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences",
   "location": "p. 8"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/reconfiguring-hybrid-meetings-moving-from-user-centered-design-to-meeting-centered-design.html",
   "title": "(Re)Configuring Hybrid Meetings: Moving from User-Centered Design to Meeting-Centered Design",
   "location": "p. 8"
  }
 ],
 "quantitative": [
  {
   "measure": "Preferred Hybridge3D over Hybridge2D for future meetings",
   "value": "Twenty out of 23 (87%)",
   "location": "§5, p. 3"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Sense of agency, 3D vs 2D",
   "value": "F1,22 = 10.62, p = 0.004",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 4"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Sense of agency relative to local participants, 3D vs 2D",
   "value": "F1,22 = 6.47, p = 0.02",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 4"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Feeling of having a place in the room, 3D vs 2D",
   "value": "F1,22 = 5.6, p = 0.03",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 4"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Ease of awareness, 3D vs 2D",
   "value": "F1,22 = 16.08, p = 0.001",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Physical presence, 3D vs 2D",
   "value": "F1,22 = 9.84, p = 0.005",
   "location": "§5.3, p. 5"
  }
 ],
 "implications": [
  {
   "summary": "When a remote participant panned their view, their display in the room did not turn, so people in the room could not tell where they were looking. Displays that physically turn, or software cues such as arrows or a video that turns to match their gaze, could close this gap.",
   "quote": "their in-room displays did not match this with physical left or right turning, creating an information asymmetry between in-room and remote participants",
   "location": "§6, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Spatial audio could improve speaker identification."
  },
  {
   "summary": "The minimap should show who sits where, for example with profile pictures or initials, because numbered seats did not always keep remote users aware of who was where.",
   "quote": "this feature did not always succeed at sustaining remote user awareness of where they and other users were, and who was sitting in any given seat",
   "location": "§6, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "summary": "A second 'peek' view may add too much cognitive load and could be removed.",
   "quote": "it might be adding too much cognitive load for participants to enable more than one view, even if one is intended to be only temporary",
   "location": "§6, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Asymmetry can lower cost. Unlike telepresence systems that need matching purpose-built rooms at every endpoint, Hybridge gives each endpoint different equipment, so it may be a more cost-effective route for organisations.",
   "quote": "Hybridge can be created entirely from commodity hardware at the in-room end, and is an asymmetrical system in which remote endpoints see a software-only representation that can function entirely on a commodity desktop or laptop",
   "location": "§6, p. 6"
  }
 ],
 "limitations": [
  {
   "summary": "This was a preliminary investigation to choose a remote interface. A more in-depth study comparing other meeting modalities and both remote and in-room endpoints is planned.",
   "quote": "The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to determine the ideal remote interface features for our second design principle",
   "location": "§6, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "summary": "The value of Hybridge depends on the type and scale of the meeting and the attendee's role, and it needs planning to set up.",
   "quote": "Factors such as the type/scale of the meeting, and an attendee's role in a meeting will have an impact on the value of Hybridge.",
   "location": "§6, p. 6"
  }
 ],
 "figures": [
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system/fig-5.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 5: Perceived (a) agency, (b) agency relative to local participants, (c) feeling of having a place in the room, (d) ease of awareness, and (e) physical presence as a function of condition. Horizontal bars indicate averages, and circles and lines indicate individual data points. *** is p < 0.001, ** is p < 0.01, * is p < 0.05",
   "alt": "Five paired dot plots comparing Hybridge2D and Hybridge3D. Average ratings of agency, agency relative to in-room participants, place in the room, ease of awareness and physical presence are all significantly higher in Hybridge3D.",
   "location": "Fig. 5, p. 6",
   "credit": "Figure 5 from Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system/fig-1.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 1: A hybrid meeting using Hybridge. (a, c) show remote users A (study participant) and D (confederate), who may view a Hybridge room from any digital seat. (b) shows the local Hybridge room, with remote users A and D distributed in-room (D is outside camera view). (d) shows the Hybridge2D interface, showing a webcam view from a digital seat. (e) shows the \"room view\" in Hybridge3D, a digital twin with 3D room representation.",
   "alt": "Hybrid meeting panels: remote users on screens around a meeting-room table, and their two views of the room, a 2D canvas of video feeds and a 3D digital twin in which they choose a seat.",
   "location": "Figure 1, p. 1",
   "credit": "Figure 1 from Becky Spittle, Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System. CHI EA 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3613905.3651103"
  }
 ],
 "pageNumbersReferTo": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.pdf",
 "verified": "2026-10-25",
 "studyFigure": {
  "about": "The opening figure on this paper's page, made for the site with AI assistance from this verified brief. It is not the paper's own figure. Evidence entries index this file's quantitative, findings and limitations arrays.",
  "study": {
   "kind": "comparison",
   "summary": "Within-subjects experiment in which 23 remote participants each joined a four-person hybrid meeting with both interfaces, in an order balanced across people. Each session lasted around 60 minutes.",
   "columns": [
    "Choose a seat",
    "Move into the seat",
    "Look around"
   ],
   "groups": [
    {
     "name": "3D interface",
     "nLabel": "all 23 people",
     "cells": [
      "Click a seat in a 3D replica of the room",
      "Glide smoothly into the seat's view",
      "Pan left and right from the seat"
     ],
     "highlight": [
      0,
      1,
      2
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "2D interface",
     "nLabel": "all 23 people",
     "cells": [
      "Pick an empty seat on a minimap",
      "Jump straight to the seat's camera view",
      "Open a second peek view from another seat"
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  "tool": {
   "heading": "The system",
   "steps": [
    {
     "title": "A digital seat",
     "text": "Each remote participant appears on their own display, with a camera and speakers, among the chairs at the table.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Take a seat",
     "text": "The remote participant chooses an empty seat and sees the room through that seat's camera."
    },
    {
     "title": "Show the view",
     "text": "A cone on the minimap shows where the remote participant is looking."
    }
   ],
   "note": "The system uses ordinary hardware in the room and software only for remote participants. The study compared two remote interfaces, and the same people used both."
  },
  "findings": {
   "legend": "comparison",
   "legendText": "↑ better than with the 2D interface   ↓ worse   – no reliable difference",
   "stages": [
    {
     "title": "Control and a place",
     "sub": "what remote participants reported with each interface",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "3D interface: remote participants reported a greater sense of agency.",
       "detail": "Self-reported control over view and position, overall and relative to people in the room. A reliable difference, p = 0.004.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[1]",
        "quantitative[2]",
        "findings[1]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "3D interface: remote participants felt more that they had a place in the room.",
       "detail": "Self-reported, p = 0.03. Some still felt limited by the layout of the physical room.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[3]",
        "findings[1]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "3D interface: panning from a seat felt natural, while the 2D peek view felt abrupt.",
       "detail": "From interviews. Some participants said the 2D second view from another seat distracted them from the flow of the meeting.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[2]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Awareness and presence",
     "sub": "what remote participants reported with each interface",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "3D interface: remote participants found it easier to keep track of who and what was where.",
       "detail": "Self-reported ease of awareness, p = 0.001. Still, 11 participants said they could not always follow the meeting, and speakers were hard to pick out without spatial audio.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[4]",
        "findings[3]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "3D interface: remote participants felt more physically present in the meeting room.",
       "detail": "Self-reported, p = 0.005. Participants named panning around the room as key to feeling really there.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[5]",
        "findings[4]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Preference and a side effect",
     "sub": "after trying both interfaces",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "3D interface: 20 of 23 participants preferred it for future meetings.",
       "detail": "Self-reported preference, 87% of participants. Six said even the 2D interface felt more present than their usual video meetings.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[0]",
        "findings[0]",
        "findings[4]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "3D interface: people in the room could not tell when a remote participant was looking around.",
       "detail": "One participant likened a remote attendee to a ghost in the room. One remote participant found this freedom to watch unseen intimidating.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[5]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  "keyTerm": null,
  "takeaway": "Remote attendees of hybrid meetings can gain more agency from a 3D digital twin of the room, panning their view from a chosen seat, than from a flat 2D canvas. The 3D twin may also ease awareness and add presence."
 }
}