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 "name": "Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI",
 "author": [
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Rishi Vanukuru"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Payod Panda"
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  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Xinyue Chen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Ava Elizabeth Scott"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Lev Tankelevitch"
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 "datePublished": "2025-07",
 "doi": "10.1145/3715336.3735833",
 "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html",
 "citation": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833",
 "bibtex": "@inproceedings{vanukuru2025designing,\nauthor = {Vanukuru, Rishi and Panda, Payod and Chen, Xinyue and Scott, Ava Elizabeth and Tankelevitch, Lev and Rintel, Sean},\ntitle = {Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI},\nbooktitle = {DIS2025},\nyear = {2025},\nmonth = {July},\npublisher = {ACM},\nurl = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833},\ndoi = {10.1145/3715336.3735833},\n}",
 "abstract": "Temporal work is an essential part of the modern knowledge workplace, where multiple threads of meetings and projects are connected across time by the acts of looking back (retrospection) and ahead (prospection). As we develop Generative AI interfaces to support knowledge work, this lens of temporality can help ground design in real workplace needs. Building upon research in routine dynamics and cognitive science, and an exploratory analysis of real recurring meetings, we develop a framework and a tool for the synergistic exploration of temporal work and the capabilities of Generative AI. We then use these to design a series of interface concepts and prototypes to better support work that spans multiple scales of time. Through this approach, we demonstrate how the design of new Generative AI tools can be guided by our understanding of how work really happens across meetings and projects.",
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 "takeaway": "Meeting intentionality spans a series of meetings. People's temporal work (looking back and ahead) links them, yet today's tools cover only a narrow slice of time. So generative AI should carry goals and context between meetings, for example through instant recaps, handoffs to the next meeting and project browsers.",
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  "thesis": "A meeting's purpose should shape everything about it, yet many meetings run without one stated. Good help with meeting goals moves people from wherever they start, with depth that fits the meeting.",
  "claimsThisPaperFeeds": [
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    "claim": "A meeting's purpose is easily lost between meetings unless something carries it forward",
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 },
 "whyItMatters": {
  "stateOfTheArt": {
   "summary": "Meeting support tools, including recent Generative AI features, mostly focus on making individual meetings efficient, overlooking how work connects across meetings over time.",
   "quote": "Much of current commercial and academic work, however, focuses on understanding how the emergent capabilities of Generative AI may be applied to the context of individual meetings",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  "contribution": {
   "summary": "An analysis of real recurring meetings, a framework of objective and subjective time, a Generative AI Content Sandbox for prompting over many meetings at once, and three interface concepts with open-source prototypes.",
   "quote": "A conceptual framework for thinking about temporal work in terms of objective and subjective time",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  "whoCares": {
   "summary": "Designers and researchers of Generative AI meeting and knowledge-work tools, and researchers in Meeting Science and CSCW.",
   "quote": "Instead of features driven largely by what Generative AI\" can\" do, we offer a pathway for more considered design that is grounded in the reality of temporal work.",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 17"
  }
 },
 "researchQuestions": [
  "How can Generative AI tools support temporal work, and how can a focus on temporality inform the design of better supports for knowledge work?",
  "Understand how discussions about \"subjective time\" punctuate the \"objective time\" of recurring meetings.",
  "Uncover a map of workplace interactions that expands our understanding of the \"objective time\" experienced by teams over longer time horizons."
 ],
 "concepts": [
  {
   "term": "Temporal work",
   "definition": "Looking back (retrospection) and ahead (prospection) to make sense of and act in the present, individually and as a team.",
   "quote": "Temporal work involves the acts of prospection (future-oriented cognition) and retrospection (past-oriented cognition).",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  {
   "term": "Objective and subjective time",
   "definition": "Shipp and Jansen's distinction, which gives the authors' framework its two axes:",
   "quote": "\"objective\" time (the actual passage of time based on the clock and calendar) and \"subjective\" time (experiencing the past, present, and future within the current moment)",
   "location": "§2.2, p. 4"
  },
  {
   "term": "Prospection and retrospection forms",
   "definition": "Four forms of looking ahead (intention, planning, prediction, simulation) and two of looking back (recollecting, reflecting), taken from prior taxonomies and used to tag the meetings.",
   "quote": "We therefore use Recollecting to refer to thinking about the past as it happened, and Reflecting to refer to the past being reframed in the present.",
   "location": "§3.2, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "term": "Chain of intentionality",
   "definition": "Linked interfaces that carry reflection and intentions from one meeting to the next and across projects.",
   "quote": "their true potential emerges when they are integrated to chain together, supporting temporal work across different timescales and contexts",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14"
  }
 ],
 "method": {
  "design": "Exploratory analysis of recorded recurring meetings, followed by framework development and a design and prototyping exercise using a purpose-built research tool (see Prototype).",
  "prototype": "Two kinds. The Generative AI Content Sandbox is a research tool built with React Flow. It is a web canvas where researchers drag in and connect nodes for meeting transcripts, recordings, slides and prompts. The system sends each combination to GPT-4o and shows the output, which can feed further nodes (for example, to combine summaries of several meetings). A template node produces a structured summary of goals, progress, plans and image highlights, which fills three interactive web prototypes. Instant Recaps: a summary card shown as a meeting ends, which people can tick off and add notes to. Adaptive Meeting Handoff: opened from the calendar's current-time marker, it shows the meeting just finished and the next one, shifting emphasis with the time available. Project Browsers: dragging a scroll handle in a team chat, or selecting a calendar range, sets the span of time to summarise. The prototypes show real model output on public AMI corpus meetings. They were not evaluated with users or compared with other tools.",
  "prototypeFigure": 1,
  "setting": "Two research teams (A and B) in a large technology company, in consecutive weekly hybrid meetings over the same four weeks following an internal conference.",
  "sample": "Eight recorded meetings, each lasting 38 minutes to an hour, 6 hours and 45 minutes in total (Table 1 gives participants per meeting).",
  "duration": "Four weeks of meetings.",
  "analysis": "Researchers watched each recording and tagged every instance of temporal work by form (recollecting, reflecting, intention, planning, prediction, simulation) and time horizon, then mapped links to other meetings, topics and milestones."
 },
 "findings": [
  {
   "headline": "Time talk everywhere.",
   "summary": "In eight recorded weekly meetings of two research teams in a technology company, people looked back and ahead throughout every meeting, not only in the first one after an internal conference, which invited it.",
   "quote": "When looking back and ahead, focus shifted across a wide range of timescales in the past and future, from specific points in time (meetings, events) to periods",
   "location": "§3.3, p. 6",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s3-3-p-6",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§3.3, p. 6)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Looking back fuels looking ahead.",
   "summary": "Recalling the past and anticipating the future were intertwined. Team members recalled earlier experiences in order to reflect, set intentions or plan next steps, and used predictions to justify plans.",
   "quote": "forms of prospection were indeed seen to be interlinked, not only among themselves, but also with acts of retrospection",
   "location": "§3.3, p. 6",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s3-3-p-6-2",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§3.3, p. 6)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Meetings are hubs for other work.",
   "summary": "Each team's weekly meeting linked again and again to other meetings, recurring topics and distant milestones, so recurring meetings were where much of the looking back and ahead was concentrated.",
   "quote": "These webs of retrospection and prospection are often unnoticed during meetings, and collapse soon after, only to be replaced by new traversals of subjective time.",
   "location": "§4, p. 7",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s4-p-7",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§4, p. 7)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Today's tools cover a narrow slice of time.",
   "summary": "The authors placed existing meeting tools on their framework, which plots time since the last meeting against time until the next (objective time), and how far back or ahead people are thinking (subjective time). The tools clustered in small regions, leaving large ones untouched.",
   "quote": "In the space of subjective time (Figure 6.2), most recap tools occupy the central region, supporting retrospection and prospection within a narrow time range of a few days to weeks.",
   "location": "§4, p. 9",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s4-p-9",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§4, p. 9)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Three concepts for the gaps.",
   "summary": "The authors designed interfaces for those untouched regions. Instant Recaps are shown the moment a meeting ends, an Adaptive Meeting Handoff sits between one meeting and the next, and Project Browsers support reviewing months to years.",
   "quote": "Instant Recaps combine the benefits of automation and manual record creation by making the most of the moments right after meetings, when memories are freshest and plans are forming.",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 12",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s5-2-p-12",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§5.2, p. 12)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Early signs AI can spot links.",
   "summary": "In informal, unevaluated trials with simple prompts, GPT-4o run on the teams' meeting records connected many of the links between meetings that the authors' qualitative analysis had found.",
   "quote": "we have not yet conducted a structured evaluation of the overall quality or accuracy of these outputs",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 17",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s6-3-p-17",
   "cite": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833 (§6.3, p. 17)"
  }
 ],
 "questions": [
  {
   "question": "How much do teams talk about the past and future in meetings?",
   "answer": "A lot, and not only when reviewing. This temporal work (looking back and looking ahead) ran through every recurring meeting examined, reaching from the same day to months and beyond. Recalling the past usually served reflecting, setting intentions or planning.",
   "source": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§3.3, p. 6",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s3-3-p-6"
    },
    {
     "location": "§3.3, p. 6",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s3-3-p-6-2"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Why aren't meeting summaries enough?",
   "answer": "Because a summary sits at one point in time, while meeting intentionality (knowing why you meet) stretches across a series of meetings. Most recap tools look back and ahead only days to weeks. The threads woven in meetings tend to collapse soon after unless something carries them forward.",
   "source": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§4, p. 7",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s4-p-7"
    },
    {
     "location": "§4, p. 9",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s4-p-9"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "When is the best moment to reflect on a meeting?",
   "answer": "The authors argue it is right after it ends, when memories are freshest and plans are forming (a moment design usually writes off). It is also often the most time-pressured moment. So support there must be light, such as a short card people can tick and add notes to.",
   "source": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.2, p. 12",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s5-2-p-12"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Can generative AI find the links between a team's meetings by itself?",
   "answer": "Early signs are promising. When run with simple prompts on two teams' recorded meetings, a large language model connected many of the links between meetings that human qualitative analysis had found. The authors have not yet evaluated the quality or accuracy of its output.",
   "source": "Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§6.3, p. 17",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.html#at-s6-3-p-17"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cites": [
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/are-we-on-track-ai-assisted-active-and-passive-goal-reflection-during-meetings.html",
   "title": "Are We On Track? AI-Assisted Active and Passive Goal Reflection During Meetings",
   "location": "p. 18"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/beyond-audio-towards-a-design-space-of-headphones-as-a-site-for-interaction-and-sensing.html",
   "title": "Beyond Audio: Towards a Design Space of Headphones as a Site for Interaction and Sensing",
   "location": "p. 19"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/coexplorer-generative-ai-powered-2d-and-3d-adaptive-interfaces-to-support-intentionality-in-video-meetings.html",
   "title": "CoExplorer: Generative AI Powered 2D and 3D Adaptive Interfaces to Support Intentionality in Video Meetings",
   "location": "p. 19"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/mental-models-of-meeting-goals-supporting-intentionality-in-meeting-technologies.html",
   "title": "Mental Models of Meeting Goals: Supporting Intentionality in Meeting Technologies",
   "location": "p. 19"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/the-coexplorer-technology-probe-a-generative-ai-powered-adaptive-interface-to-support-intentionality-in-planning-and-running-video-meetings.html",
   "title": "The CoExplorer Technology Probe: A Generative AI-Powered Adaptive Interface to Support Intentionality in Planning and Running Video Meetings",
   "location": "p. 19"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/what-does-success-look-like-catalyzing-meeting-intentionality-with-ai-assisted-prospective-reflection.html",
   "title": "What Does Success Look Like? Catalyzing Meeting Intentionality with AI-Assisted Prospective Reflection",
   "location": "p. 19"
  }
 ],
 "quantitative": [],
 "implications": [
  {
   "summary": "Meeting support tools should be chained so recaps, handoffs and project views carry reflection and intentions across meetings and projects.",
   "quote": "This creates a chain of reflection and setting intentions that persists along a project.",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "summary": "The framework and Sandbox are tools for thought for researchers designing Generative AI support for temporal work, rather than a generative design space.",
   "quote": "we see the framework as a useful encapsulation of the richness of temporal work in the modern workplace",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 16"
  },
  {
   "summary": "The framework could also guide collaborative tools that support group reflection and collective intentionality."
  }
 ],
 "limitations": [
  {
   "summary": "Engineering and design research meetings in one company, in a similar timeframe and after a major internal event.",
   "quote": "limits the generalizability of our findings to other types of knowledge work or organizational settings",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 16"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Only four weeks of meetings.",
   "quote": "Our analysis spans a relatively short period of four weeks.",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 16"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Individual identities and contributions within meetings were not analysed, and the concepts focus on individual rather than collaborative use."
  },
  {
   "summary": "Generative AI outputs were not formally evaluated, and verification, accuracy, bias and privacy remain challenges.",
   "quote": "we have not yet conducted a structured evaluation of the overall quality or accuracy of these outputs",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 17"
  }
 ],
 "figures": [
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai/fig-1.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 1: Designing Interfaces grounded in Temporal Work & Generative AI: (1) We can use the framework of temporal work to define regions in the spaces of objective and subjective time that require support for a given context. (2) The Generative AI Content Sandbox enables us to explore and understand how Generative AI might best support such forms of work. (3) Building on the framework and Sandbox, we can design interface concepts for different times and purposes. (4) These concepts can be operationalized as interactive prototypes, with real AI-generated content coming from the Sandbox.",
   "alt": "Overview in four linked parts: a framework of objective and subjective time, the Generative AI Content Sandbox, interface concepts, and prototypes, with arrows showing how each informs the next.",
   "location": "Figure 1, p. 1",
   "credit": "Figure 1 from Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai/fig-2.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 2: Temporal Work in Recurring Meetings. The timeline visualizations for Meeting A1 and B1 span the duration of the meeting. Each instance of prospection and retrospection is marked on this timeline, with vertical lines emerging upward and downward respectively to indicate the time horizon of thought (ranging from the present day, to weeks, months, and beyond). Smaller visualizations for the other meetings in the series are included to the right. These figures showcase the extent and diversity of temporal work in team meetings.",
   "alt": "Timelines of eight team meetings with dense colour-coded marks for intention, planning, prediction, simulation, recollecting and reflecting. Lines above and below each timeline show how far ahead or back each remark reaches.",
   "location": "Fig. 2, p. 6",
   "credit": "Figure 2 from Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai/fig-6.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 6: Spaces of the framework. (1) The space of objective time, defined by one's temporal position between meetings. Across both spaces, boxes indicate temporal regions currently occupied by meeting support tools, and lighter boxes indicate as-yet unexplored spaces. (2) The space of subjective time, formed by bending the axis about the origin. The figure shows different points relating to different scales of looking back and ahead. The colors correspond to the various forms of retrospection and prospection in Figure 2.",
   "alt": "Two diagrams. Objective time: time since last meeting against time until next, with in-meeting supports and meeting recaps in small boxes. Subjective time: past against future, minutes to years, with large unexplored regions.",
   "location": "Fig. 6, p. 10",
   "credit": "Figure 6 from Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai/fig-11.webp",
   "caption": "Figure 11: The Chain of Intentionality. The three interfaces shown here-Instant Recaps (§5.2.1), Adaptive Meeting Handoff (§5.2.2), and Project Browsers (§5.2.3)-are examples of supports for retrospection and prospection in knowledge work, designed using our framework for exploring the intersection of objective and subjective time (§4).",
   "alt": "A timeline with linked retrospection and prospection points, and screenshots of three interfaces attached along it: an Instant Recap card, an Adaptive Handoff in a calendar, and a Project Browser in a team chat.",
   "location": "Fig. 11, p. 17",
   "credit": "Figure 11 from Rishi Vanukuru, Payod Panda, Xinyue Chen, Ava Elizabeth Scott, Lev Tankelevitch, and Sean Rintel. 2025. Designing Interfaces that Support Temporal Work Across Meetings with Generative AI. DIS2025. https://doi.org/10.1145/3715336.3735833"
  }
 ],
 "pageNumbersReferTo": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/designing-interfaces-that-support-temporal-work-across-meetings-with-generative-ai.pdf",
 "verified": "2026-10-25",
 "studyFigure": {
  "about": "The opening figure on this paper's page, made for the site with AI assistance from this verified brief. It is not the paper's own figure. Evidence entries index this file's quantitative, findings and limitations arrays.",
  "study": {
   "kind": "single",
   "summary": "Exploratory analysis of eight recorded weekly hybrid meetings of two research teams in a technology company over four weeks. The analysis informed a framework and three prototype interfaces.",
   "steps": [
    {
     "label": "Eight recorded meetings",
     "detail": "Two research teams met weekly over the same four weeks, 6 hours and 45 minutes of meetings in total."
    },
    {
     "label": "Tagging temporal work",
     "detail": "Researchers tagged every moment of looking back or ahead by its form and how far in time it reached."
    },
    {
     "label": "Mapping links",
     "detail": "Each moment was linked to other meetings, recurring topics and milestones."
    },
    {
     "label": "Framework and design",
     "detail": "Existing meeting tools were placed on a time framework, and prototypes were designed for the regions left empty."
    }
   ]
  },
  "tool": {
   "heading": "The prototypes",
   "steps": [
    {
     "title": "Combine meeting records",
     "text": "In a research canvas, researchers connect transcripts, recordings, slides and prompts, and GPT-4o summarises each combination.",
     "fields": [
      "goals",
      "progress",
      "plans",
      "image highlights"
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Instant Recaps",
     "text": "As a meeting ends, a summary card appears that people can tick off and add notes to.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Adaptive Meeting Handoff",
     "text": "Opened from the calendar, it shows the meeting just finished and the next one, shifting emphasis with the time available.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Project Browsers",
     "text": "Dragging a handle in team chat, or selecting a calendar range, sets the span of time to summarise.",
     "part": true
    }
   ],
   "note": "The prototypes show real model output on public meeting recordings. They were not evaluated with users or compared with other tools."
  },
  "findings": {
   "legend": null,
   "stages": [
    {
     "title": "Time talk in meetings",
     "sub": "what the eight recorded meetings showed",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "In these eight meetings, team members looked back and ahead throughout every meeting.",
       "detail": "Attention shifted across timescales from specific meetings and events to longer periods. This happened beyond the first meeting after an internal conference, which invited it.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[0]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "In these meetings, team members recalled the past in order to plan next steps.",
       "detail": "Recollection fed reflection, intentions and plans, and predictions were used to justify plans.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[1]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "Each team's weekly meeting linked repeatedly to other meetings, topics and distant milestones.",
       "detail": "The authors note these webs of looking back and ahead often go unnoticed and collapse soon after the meeting.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[2]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Gaps in today's tools",
     "sub": "what the framework showed and the designs proposed",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "Placed on the framework, existing meeting tools covered only a narrow slice of time.",
       "detail": "Most recap tools supported looking back and ahead over a few days to weeks, leaving large regions untouched.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[3]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "The paper proposes three interfaces for the untouched regions of time.",
       "detail": "Instant Recaps appear as a meeting ends, a Handoff sits between meetings, and Project Browsers support reviewing months to years.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[4]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "In informal trials, GPT-4o found many of the links between meetings the analysis had found.",
       "detail": "These trials used simple prompts and were not formally evaluated for quality or accuracy.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[5]",
        "limitations[3]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    }
   ]
  },
  "keyTerm": "temporal work",
  "takeaway": "Meeting intentionality can span a series of meetings, linked by temporal work as people look back and ahead. Generative AI may help carry goals and context between meetings, through recaps, handoffs and project browsers."
 }
}