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 "name": "Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings",
 "author": [
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Payod Panda"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Lev Tankelevitch"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Becky Spittle"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Kori Inkpen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "John Tang"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Sasa Junuzovic"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Qianqian Qi"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Pat Sweeney"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Andrew D. Wilson"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Bill Buxton"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Abigail Sellen"
  },
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   "name": "Sean Rintel",
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 "datePublished": "2024-11",
 "doi": "10.1145/3687040",
 "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html",
 "citation": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040",
 "bibtex": "@inproceedings{panda2024hybridge,\nauthor = {Panda, Payod and Tankelevitch, Lev and Spittle, Becky and Inkpen, Kori and Tang, John and Junuzovic, Sasa and Qi, Qianqian and Sweeney, Pat and Wilson, Andrew D. and Buxton, Bill and Sellen, Abigail and Rintel, Sean},\ntitle = {Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings},\nbooktitle = {CSCW 2024},\nyear = {2024},\nmonth = {November},\npublisher = {ACM},\nurl = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040},\ndoi = {10.1145/3687040},\n}",
 "abstract": "Hybrid meetings limit inclusion for remote participants. The Hybridge experimental system provides different interfaces for remote and room endpoints, focusing on improving inclusion via shared spatiality and remote agency. In-room participants see remotes on displays around a table, and remotes see video integrated into a digital twin. Remotes can choose where to appear and from where they view the room. We tested Hybridge in a within-subjects study of group survival tasks. An in-person condition was followed by a counterbalanced order of hybrid traditional videoconferencing (“Gallery”) and Hybridge. We found that co-presence and agency differences between in-room and remotes were alleviated in Hybridge but remained in Gallery. Physical presence for remotes was higher in Hybridge than Gallery. Conversation flow was better in Hybridge than Gallery, but ease of awareness was not different. We argue that asymmetry should be embraced when designing hybrid meeting systems, with inclusivity achieved by tailoring features for the needs of different endpoints.",
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 "fullTextAvailable": true,
 "takeaway": "Embracing asymmetry can make hybrid meetings more equitable. In the room, each remote colleague gets a life-size screen at the table. Remotely, they join through a 3D replica of the room, choosing their seat and where to look. Remote people's felt agency then no longer lagged significantly behind the room's.",
 "whyItMatters": {
  "stateOfTheArt": {
   "summary": "Standard hybrid meetings put all remote participants on one shared screen and give every endpoint the same interface, which leaves remote participants with less presence and agency than the people in the room. Earlier spatial systems were mostly symmetrical and inflexible, and the asymmetrical ones were complex to deploy.",
   "quote": "symmetry of interfaces ignores the asymmetries inherent in remote versus in-room endpoints, and heightens the conditions that exclude remote participants",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  "contribution": {
   "summary": "Rather than mirroring one interface at every endpoint, or moving everyone into a wholly virtual space, the authors blend the physical room with a navigable copy of it on everyday hardware. The authors test this against both gallery view and meeting fully in person.",
   "quote": "an experimental hybrid video meeting system which manifests a combined physical-virtual space shared by all participants on commodity hardware",
   "location": "§1, p. 3"
  },
  "whoCares": {
   "summary": "Designers of meeting rooms and videoconferencing products, and organisations that run hybrid meetings and want remote colleagues included.",
   "quote": "the benefits of inclusive hybrid meetings that engage more participants might outweigh the initial engineering time cost",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 24"
  }
 },
 "researchQuestions": [
  "How does an asymmetrical videoconferencing system that emphasises shared spatiality and heightened agency affect remote participants' inclusion in a hybrid meeting?"
 ],
 "concepts": [
  {
   "term": "Inclusion (in hybrid meetings)",
   "definition": "The authors use inclusion in three senses:",
   "quote": "equitable opportunity of participation for remote and in-room participants, increasing remote participants' agency within the meeting, and reducing remote participants' feelings of being isolated or ignored",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  {
   "term": "Distributed spatial presence",
   "definition": "Each remote participant appears on their own display among the physical seats, rather than together on one wall screen.",
   "quote": "The smaller displays act as \"digital seats\" that can be occupied by a single remote participant, who can be seen and heard as if they were sitting at the table.",
   "location": "§3.2.1, p. 6"
  },
  {
   "term": "Heightened agency",
   "definition": "Remote participants choose where they appear in the room and where they view it from.",
   "quote": "designing for hybrid meetings should provide remote participants with as much or even more agency than the in-room participants",
   "location": "§3.1, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "term": "Digital twin",
   "definition": "What the remote interface shows:",
   "quote": "The virtual room experienced by remote participants is a digital twin of the physical room, rather than a wholly virtual space.",
   "location": "§3.1, p. 5"
  },
  {
   "term": "Asymmetry",
   "definition": "Different endpoints get different interfaces suited to their resources.",
   "quote": "the need for uniform systems across endpoints should be relaxed in favor of the needs for inclusion",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 23"
  }
 ],
 "method": {
  "design": "Within-subjects lab study with a mixed design: meeting type (fully in-person, Gallery, Hybridge) within subjects, and participant location (local, remote) between subjects. In-person always came first. Gallery and Hybridge were counterbalanced.",
  "prototype": "Hybridge, a hybrid meeting system. In the meeting room, each remote participant appears on their own roughly life-size portrait display, with its own camera and speakers, placed among the chairs around the table. Shared slides go on a separate front-of-room screen. Remote participants see a 3D replica of the meeting room (a digital twin) with spatial audio. They click an empty display to take that seat. Their view then blends into the live camera feed from that seat, and they can pan left and right to look at people or the slides. A mini-map shows who sits where and which way each remote participant is looking, and in the room their video turns to show where they are looking. They can change seats at any time. It is built on Microsoft Teams for audio and video, with a Unity front end and a seating server. It was compared with a standard gallery view, in which remote participants appear in a strip beside the shared content on one screen, and with meeting fully in person.",
  "prototypeFigure": 1,
  "setting": "Groups of four people who knew each other completed survival-style discussion tasks (choose 3 items from a list of 11 in 5 minutes). In the hybrid conditions two sat in the meeting room and two joined from separate satellite rooms.",
  "sample": "48 participants in 12 groups (university students and staff, and industry professionals). 10 groups were analysed after 2 sessions were excluded for technical issues.",
  "n": 48,
  "duration": "Each session lasted 60-90 minutes.",
  "analysis": "Questionnaires on sense of agency, co-presence, physical presence, conversation flow and ease of awareness, analysed with aligned rank transform (ART) mixed-effects models and ART-C contrasts. Preference rankings. Telemetry of seat changes and camera panning. Focus groups."
 },
 "findings": [
  {
   "headline": "The control gap was no longer significant.",
   "summary": "In groups of four with two people in the room and two remote, remote participants felt much less in control than in-room participants when the remote pair appeared in a gallery view on one screen. With Hybridge, the difference was no longer significant, although the displays around the table may have left in-room participants feeling slightly less in control than when meeting fully in person.",
   "quote": "I felt like I had more agency to move about. And I felt like I had more presence in the room.",
   "location": "§5.1, pp. 13–14",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-1-pp-13-14",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.1, pp. 13–14)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Closer, but not equal.",
   "summary": "With Hybridge, remote participants felt more together with the people in the room than with gallery view, and the gap between remote and in-room participants narrowed, though remote participants still felt less together. Eye contact was one reason.",
   "quote": "when you shifted to look at me it really looked like we were looking in the eye",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 18",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-2-p-18",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.2, p. 18)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "A place in the room.",
   "summary": "Remote participants felt more physically present in the meeting room with Hybridge than with gallery view, and in-room participants noticed and welcomed their dedicated places at the table.",
   "quote": "It's nice having a chair or place in the room, It's nice having that dedicated space for you.",
   "location": "§5.3, p. 18",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-3-p-18",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.3, p. 18)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Easier conversation.",
   "summary": "Both in-room and remote participants rated conversation as flowing better with Hybridge than with gallery view, helped by spatial audio and by seeing who was looking at whom. Keeping track of what was happening was not rated easier than with gallery view. Some participants said they had to look around the room.",
   "quote": "having someone look at you, you kind of tacitly, like, get their approval to be like ohh you have the floor now you have the microphone now",
   "location": "§5.4, p. 19",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-4-p-19",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.4, p. 19)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Preferred to gallery view.",
   "summary": "Asked how they would like to meet in future, most participants, remote and in-room alike, ranked Hybridge above gallery view and second only to meeting fully in person. One in-room participant said it removed remote participants' second-class status.",
   "quote": "the remote people are definitely second class to the physical, whereas the Hybridge prototype equalised that imbalance because everyone had a seat",
   "location": "§5.6, p. 21",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-6-p-21",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.6, p. 21)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "They used the freedom.",
   "summary": "Remote participants actually used their new control. They changed seats during meetings, for example to sit closer to the shared slides, although some felt that moving seat mid-meeting was odd.",
   "quote": "the first thing I said when I walked in here is I want to grab a seat that's close to the slides",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 14",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-1-p-14",
   "cite": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040 (§5.1, p. 14)"
  }
 ],
 "questions": [
  {
   "question": "How can hybrid meetings be made fairer for people joining remotely?",
   "answer": "Give each remote attendee their own place in the room, and let them choose where to sit and look. In timed group tasks with two people in the room and two remote, this removed the significant gap in felt control that remote people had with a standard gallery view.",
   "source": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.1, pp. 13–14",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-1-pp-13-14"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.1, p. 14",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-1-p-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Can technology make remote participants feel they are really in the meeting room?",
   "answer": "Partly. With their own display at the table, remote participants felt more physically present and more together with the people in the room than in a gallery view. Eye contact helped. They still felt less together than the people in the room did.",
   "source": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.2, p. 18",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-2-p-18"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.3, p. 18",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-3-p-18"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Do people want spatial hybrid meetings over standard video calls?",
   "answer": "Most people who tried both did. Remote and in-room participants alike typically ranked a spatial system second only to meeting in person and above a gallery view. They also rated conversation as flowing more easily, and one in-room participant said remote colleagues no longer seemed second-class.",
   "source": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.4, p. 19",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-4-p-19"
    },
    {
     "location": "§5.6, p. 21",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-6-p-21"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Do remote participants actually use more control when they get it?",
   "answer": "Yes. Given the choice, remote participants changed seats during meetings, on average more than three times per session, for example to sit nearer the shared slides. They also panned their view towards the people or content they were attending to.",
   "source": "Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§5.1, p. 14",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.html#at-s5-1-p-14"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cites": [
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/belonging-there-vroom-ing-into-the-uncanny-valley-of-xr-telepresence.html",
   "title": "Belonging There: VROOM-ing into the Uncanny Valley of XR Telepresence",
   "location": "p. 28"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/classification-of-functional-attention-in-video-meetings.html",
   "title": "Classification of Functional Attention in Video Meetings",
   "location": "p. 28"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/comparing-the-agency-of-hybrid-meeting-remote-users-in-2d-and-3d-interfaces-of-the-hybridge-system.html",
   "title": "Comparing the Agency of Hybrid Meeting Remote Users in 2D and 3D Interfaces of the Hybridge System",
   "location": "p. 30"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybrid-meetings-in-the-modern-workplace-stories-of-success-and-failure.html",
   "title": "Hybrid Meetings in the Modern Workplace: Stories of Success and Failure",
   "location": "p. 29"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/maximizing-environmental-validity-remote-recording-of-desktop-videoconferencing.html",
   "title": "Maximizing environmental validity: remote recording of desktop videoconferencing",
   "location": "p. 29"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/meeting-the-pandemic-videoconferencing-fatigue-and-evolving-tensions-of-sociality-in-enterprise-video-meetings-during-covid-19.html",
   "title": "Meeting (the) Pandemic: Videoconferencing  Fatigue and Evolving Tensions of Sociality  in Enterprise Video Meetings During  COVID-19",
   "location": "p. 27"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html",
   "title": "Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences",
   "location": "p. 30"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/reconfiguring-hybrid-meetings-moving-from-user-centered-design-to-meeting-centered-design.html",
   "title": "(Re)Configuring Hybrid Meetings: Moving from User-Centered Design to Meeting-Centered Design",
   "location": "p. 29"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/vroom-virtual-robot-overlay-for-online-meetings.html",
   "title": "VROOM: Virtual Robot Overlay for Online Meetings",
   "location": "p. 28"
  }
 ],
 "quantitative": [
  {
   "measure": "Sense of agency: condition × location interaction",
   "value": "F2,76 = 22.89, p < 0.001",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Sense of agency, remote vs local within Hybridge",
   "value": "p = 0.56 (no significant difference)",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Agency gap (remote vs local), Hybridge vs Gallery, difference in differences",
   "value": "t76 = 5.51, p < 0.001",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Co-presence gap (remote vs local), Hybridge vs Gallery, difference in differences",
   "value": "t76 = 2.55, p = 0.013",
   "location": "§5.2, p. 16"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Physical presence (remote participants), Hybridge vs Gallery",
   "value": "F1,19 = 13.99, p = 0.001",
   "location": "§5.3, p. 18"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Conversation flow: Hybridge vs Gallery",
   "value": "p = 0.001",
   "location": "§5.4, p. 19"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Ease of awareness: Hybridge vs Gallery",
   "value": "p = 0.89 (no significant difference)",
   "location": "§5.5, p. 19"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Preferred Hybridge over Gallery",
   "value": "17 of 20 remote (85%); 15 of 20 local (75%)",
   "location": "§5.6, p. 21"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Seat changes by remote participants",
   "value": "3.45 per session on average",
   "location": "§5.1, p. 15"
  }
 ],
 "implications": [
  {
   "summary": "Design hybrid meeting systems to embrace asymmetry, tailoring each endpoint's interface to its needs rather than mirroring one interface everywhere.",
   "quote": "We argue that asymmetry should be embraced when designing hybrid meeting systems",
   "location": "Abstract, p. 2"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Equal capabilities do not make an equitable experience. Make the best use of the physical room for in-room participants and of the digital space for remote ones.",
   "quote": "While we didn't create equal experiences for remote and in-room participants, we succeeded in creating a more equitable experience.",
   "location": "§6.2, p. 24"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Tailored endpoints cost more engineering than uniform commercial interfaces, which may be outweighed by more inclusive meetings."
  }
 ],
 "limitations": [
  {
   "summary": "Shared content was passive, because only the moderator shared a screen and no one co-created artefacts."
  },
  {
   "summary": "Sessions used one configuration (2 in-room, 2 remote), assigned discussion tasks, and a single use of Hybridge. Larger meetings and longitudinal use remain untested."
  },
  {
   "summary": "The room setup was tied to one meeting room's size and furniture."
  },
  {
   "summary": "Participants came from a university and a large tech organisation, with limited gender diversity."
  }
 ],
 "figures": [
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings/fig-6.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 6. (a) Perceived sense of agency as a function of condition and participant location. There was an interaction between condition and participant location, with ratings for remote participants (red) in Hybridge being higher than those in Gallery. Indeed, there was no significant difference in ratings between local and remote participants in Hybridge (compare blue and red bars), whereas there was a substantial difference in Gallery. Ratings for the fully in-person condition were highest of all. (b) Perceived sense of agency for remote relative to local participants for Gallery and Hybridge conditions, with Hybridge scoring higher. (c) Feeling of having a place in the room, as a function of condition and participant location. There was an interaction between condition and participant location, with ratings for remote participants (red) in Hybridge being higher than those in Gallery. There was no significant difference in ratings between local and remote participants in Hybridge (compare blue and red bars), whereas there was a difference in Gallery. Ratings for the fully in-person condition were highest of all. For all three panels, horizontal bars indicate averages, and circles indicate individual data points. To maintain figure readability, significant differences between the fully in-person condition and the others are not shown in the figure (they are reported in the main text). *** is p < 0.001, ** is p < 0.01, * is p < 0.05, n.s. is \"not significant\".",
   "alt": "Three dot plots of ratings on 1-7 scales. In Gallery, remote participants rate agency and having a place in the room far below local participants. In Hybridge remote and local ratings are close (n.s.). In-person is highest.",
   "location": "Fig. 6, p. 15",
   "credit": "Figure 6 from Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings/fig-10.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 10. (a) Perceived physical presence among remote participants in Hybridge and Gallery conditions, with Hybridge scoring higher. Horizontal bars indicate averages, and circles indicate individual data points. *** is p < 0.001, ** is p < 0.01, * is p < 0.05. (b) Participant rankings of preference (i.e., 1st, 2nd, 3rd) between Hybridge, Gallery, and fully in-person for future meetings, for remote (red) and local (blue) participants. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of participants choosing this rank for a given condition (e.g., among local participants (blue), 17 ranked the fully in-person condition as their first preference, three ranked it as their second preference, and none ranked it as their third preference.",
   "alt": "Left: remote participants' physical presence is higher in Hybridge than Gallery. Right: preference bars, and most remote (13 of 20) and local (12 of 20) participants rank Hybridge second after in-person, and Gallery mostly third.",
   "location": "Fig. 10, p. 21",
   "credit": "Figure 10 from Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings/fig-1.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 1. A hybrid meeting using Hybridge. (a, c) show remote participants A and D, who may view a Hybridge room from any digital seat. (b) shows the local Hybridge room, with remote participants A and D distributed in-room. (d) show the meeting map of the Hybridge room digital twin with in-room (yellow) and remote (green) participants in their physical and digital seats. (e-i) Remote view choice: Remote participant A pans right to see Remote participant D (Time 1 - 2), switches to virtual view (Time 3), chooses a new digital seat (Time 4), pans right to see content (Time 5).",
   "alt": "Hybrid meeting panels: remote participants on their own screens around a meeting-room table, their views over time as they change seats, and a top-down view of the digital twin room.",
   "location": "Figure 1, p. 1",
   "credit": "Figure 1 from Payod Panda, Lev Tankelevitch, Becky Spittle, Kori Inkpen, John Tang, Sasa Junuzovic, Qianqian Qi, Pat Sweeney, Andrew D. Wilson, Bill Buxton, Abigail Sellen, and Sean Rintel. 2024. Hybridge: Bridging Spatiality for Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meetings. CSCW 2024. https://doi.org/10.1145/3687040"
  }
 ],
 "pageNumbersReferTo": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybridge-bridging-spatiality-for-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meetings.pdf",
 "verified": "2026-10-25",
 "studyFigure": {
  "about": "The opening figure on this paper's page, made for the site with AI assistance from this verified brief. It is not the paper's own figure. Evidence entries index this file's quantitative, findings and limitations arrays.",
  "study": {
   "kind": "comparison",
   "summary": "Lab study with 48 people in 12 groups of four who knew each other, of which 10 groups were analysed. Each group held a short discussion fully in person, then with gallery view and with Hybridge in either order.",
   "columns": [
    "First meeting",
    "Gallery view meeting",
    "Hybridge meeting"
   ],
   "groups": [
    {
     "name": "Remote participants",
     "n": 20,
     "cells": [
      "All four people in the room",
      "Joined from a separate room in a standard gallery view",
      "Joined through a 3D replica of the meeting room"
     ],
     "highlight": [
      2
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "In-room participants",
     "n": 20,
     "cells": [
      "All four people in the room",
      "Saw the two remote people in a strip on one screen",
      "Saw each remote person on a life-size screen at the table"
     ],
     "highlight": [
      2
     ]
    }
   ],
   "after": {
    "label": "After the meetings: preference ranking and focus groups",
    "note": "How each person would like to meet in future"
   }
  },
  "tool": {
   "heading": "The system",
   "steps": [
    {
     "title": "A seat at the table",
     "text": "In the room, each remote participant appears on a roughly life-size portrait display among the chairs, with its own camera and speakers.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "A replica of the room",
     "text": "Remote participants see a 3D replica of the meeting room, with spatial audio.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Choose a seat",
     "text": "Clicking an empty display takes that seat, and the view blends into the live camera feed from it.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Look around",
     "text": "Remote participants pan left and right to look at people or the slides. In the room, their video turns to show where they look.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "See who is where",
     "text": "A mini map shows who sits where and which way each remote participant faces. Remote participants can change seats at any time."
    }
   ],
   "note": "Shared slides appear on a separate screen at the front of the room. Gallery view showed the remote pair beside the shared content on one screen."
  },
  "findings": {
   "legend": "comparison",
   "stages": [
    {
     "title": "Control, togetherness and place",
     "sub": "remote participants with Hybridge, compared with gallery view",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Remote participants: the gap in felt control behind the room shrank with Hybridge.",
       "detail": "Self-reported. With gallery view, remote participants felt much less in control than in-room participants. With Hybridge, that difference was no longer reliable, p = 0.56.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[1]",
        "quantitative[2]",
        "findings[0]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Remote participants: felt more together with the room with Hybridge than gallery view.",
       "detail": "Self-reported co-presence. The gap behind in-room participants narrowed, p = 0.013, but remote participants still felt less together. Eye contact was one reason given.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[3]",
        "findings[1]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Remote participants: felt more physically present in the room with Hybridge.",
       "detail": "Self-reported, p = 0.001, compared with gallery view. In-room participants noticed and welcomed the dedicated places at the table.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[4]",
        "findings[2]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "Remote participants: changed seats 3.45 times per session on average with Hybridge.",
       "detail": "Logged by the system. For example, remote participants moved closer to the shared slides, though some felt moving seat mid-meeting was odd.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[8]",
        "findings[5]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Conversation and preference",
     "sub": "both locations, Hybridge compared with gallery view",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Both groups: conversation was rated as flowing better with Hybridge than gallery view.",
       "detail": "Self-reported, p = 0.001. Participants credited spatial audio and seeing who was looking at whom.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[5]",
        "findings[3]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "flat",
       "text": "Both groups: keeping track of the meeting was rated no easier with Hybridge.",
       "detail": "Self-reported ease of awareness, p = 0.89. Some participants said they had to look around the room.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[6]",
        "findings[3]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "Remote participants: 17 of 20 preferred Hybridge to gallery view for future meetings.",
       "detail": "Of 20 in-room participants, 15 also preferred it. Most ranked Hybridge second only to meeting fully in person.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[7]",
        "findings[4]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "legendText": "↑ better with Hybridge than with gallery view   ↓ worse   – no reliable difference"
  },
  "keyTerm": [
   "asymmetry",
   "spatiality"
  ],
  "takeaway": "Embracing asymmetry can make hybrid meetings more equitable than uniform designs do. Bridging spatiality with a different interface for each side, physical for those together and digital for those apart, may narrow the inclusion gap that gallery view leaves."
 }
}