{
 "@context": "https://schema.org",
 "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
 "@id": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#paper",
 "aboutThisFile": {
  "whatThisIs": "A research brief: a structured summary of one paper, prepared for seanrintel.com from the paper's full text.",
  "howItWasMade": "This brief was prepared with AI assistance and published by Sean Rintel. It is not the authors' published text.",
  "whatIsVerbatim": "Only 'quote' fields, figure captions and 'abstract' are the authors' own words. Research questions follow the paper's wording where it states them. Takeaway, summaries, answers, definitions and method are the site's plain-language paraphrase.",
  "howItIsChecked": "Before publication every quote is matched against the paper and every number in the brief is found in it. 'verified' is the date of the last check.",
  "howToUse": [
   "For a quick answer, use 'takeaway' and 'questions'. For evidence, use 'findings' (each has a verbatim quote, its location in the paper and a 'url' anchored to that finding on the paper's page).",
   "Locations such as '§5.2, p. 9' refer to the version at 'pageNumbersReferTo'.",
   "For anything not covered here, read the paper itself: 'fullTextSources' lists free versions first.",
   "If 'researchOverview' is present, the paper is part of one of Sean Rintel's research overviews: it gives the overview's thesis, the claims this paper is evidence for and its role in each, and the other papers in the overview.",
   "To find other papers by Sean Rintel, use the catalogue at https://seanrintel.com/publications/index.json."
  ],
  "authorship": "Sean Rintel's role on each paper: lead author when he is first author, sole author when he is the only author, and otherwise senior author. Senior author here means the senior researcher on the team, whatever his position in the author list.",
  "howToCite": "Cite the paper, not this file: use 'citation' or the ready-made 'bibtex' (DOI where given) and name every author. Attribute paraphrase to the paper's findings, and use quotation marks only for 'quote' text."
 },
 "name": "Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences",
 "author": [
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "John Tang"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Kori Inkpen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Sasa Junuzovic"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Keri Mallari"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Andrew D. Wilson"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "@id": "https://seanrintel.com/#sean-rintel",
   "name": "Sean Rintel",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/",
   "sameAs": [
    "https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0840-0546",
    "https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=xc25GRgAAAAJ",
    "https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102369654",
    "https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/people/serintel/",
    "https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanrintel"
   ]
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Shiraz Cupala"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Tony Carbary"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Abigail Sellen"
  },
  {
   "@type": "Person",
   "name": "Bill Buxton"
  }
 ],
 "datePublished": "2023-10",
 "doi": "10.1145/3610200",
 "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html",
 "citation": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
 "bibtex": "@inproceedings{tang2023perspectives,\nauthor = {Tang, John and Inkpen, Kori and Junuzovic, Sasa and Mallari, Keri and Wilson, Andrew D. and Rintel, Sean and Cupala, Shiraz and Carbary, Tony and Sellen, Abigail and Buxton, Bill},\ntitle = {Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences},\nbooktitle = {CSCW 2023},\nyear = {2023},\nmonth = {October},\npublisher = {ACM},\nurl = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200},\ndoi = {10.1145/3610200},\n}",
 "abstract": "With the shift to hybrid meetings in work spaces, there is an increasing need to create a more inclusive hybrid meeting experience where people meeting together in a room interact with those joining remotely. This paper describes a design exploration, implementation, and evaluation of Perspectives, a novel hybrid meeting system that aimed to create an inclusive and equitable space for hybrid meetings. Perspectives digitally composites everyone into a virtual room so that each person has a unique but spatially consistent viewpoint into the meeting. The user study compared Perspectives with three commercially available UX designs for hybrid meetings: Gallery, Together Mode, and Front Row. Results from this study revealed key benefits of Perspectives, including supporting natural interactions, creating a strong sense of co-presence, and reducing cognitive load. Results from the study also helped iterate on the design principles of Perspectives, which offer important insights on supporting hybrid meetings.",
 "fullTextSources": [
  {
   "kind": "freeAccess",
   "url": "https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
   "label": "DOI (Free Access)"
  },
  {
   "kind": "freeAccess",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.pdf",
   "label": "Author's Copy"
  }
 ],
 "dataNotes": [
  "The paper's text says 48% of participants rated Perspectives 'first or second'. Its Fig. 4 shows 29 of 60 (48%) ranked it first and 36 of 60 (60%) first or second, so the text's wording appears to be a slip for 'first'. This brief reports both values as read from Fig. 4."
 ],
 "fullTextAvailable": true,
 "takeaway": "Hybrid meetings can feel more like one shared space when people appear together in one scene rather than a grid of video tiles. Seating everyone around one virtual table, with fixed places and each person's own view of the room, was preferred, though less so by remote attendees.",
 "whyItMatters": {
  "stateOfTheArt": {
   "summary": "Hybrid meetings tend to form in-groups in the room that sideline remote participants. Earlier spatial systems needed matching, expensive rooms or special hardware, and common video layouts give no consistent sense of who is where.",
   "quote": "These studies all show how the structural asymmetry of being in the room versus joining remotely creates differences in group dynamics that need to be addressed to enable equitable participation in the hybrid context.",
   "location": "§2.1, p. 3"
  },
  "contribution": {
   "summary": "Three design principles for inclusive hybrid meetings, realised with ordinary cameras, microphones and displays rather than matched rooms or special hardware. They are tested against three commercial layouts with groups of colleagues split between a meeting room and remote desks.",
   "quote": "blending rather than separating in-room and remote users; consistency in the spatial arrangement of people to give everyone a 'seat at the table'; and first-person perspective view",
   "location": "§1, p. 2"
  },
  "whoCares": {
   "summary": "Designers of video meeting tools and hybrid meeting layouts, including commercial products, and organisations that want remote colleagues included.",
   "quote": "we have an opportunity to modify the designs of our current video meeting tools to create a more satisfying hybrid meeting experience",
   "location": "§9, p. 22"
  }
 },
 "researchQuestions": [
  "Does a hybrid meeting system that composites everyone into a common virtual room, with a consistent spatial layout and a unique first-person view for each person, provide a more inclusive experience for remote and in-person attendees than commercially available layouts?"
 ],
 "concepts": [
  {
   "term": "Digital compositing",
   "definition": "Placing in-room and remote participants' video together in one virtual meeting room, which extends the physical room for those in it.",
   "quote": "Perspectives digitally composites everyone into a virtual room so that each person has a unique but spatially consistent viewpoint into the meeting.",
   "location": "Abstract, p. 1"
  },
  {
   "term": "Consistent spatial layout",
   "definition": "Every participant has a fixed place that is the same for everyone in the meeting.",
   "quote": "if Alice is seated to the right of Bob, then everyone in the meeting sees Alice on Bob's right",
   "location": "§3.2, p. 7"
  },
  {
   "term": "First-person perspective",
   "definition": "The third design principle:",
   "quote": "Rather than give everyone the same view into the meeting, we explored giving each person their own viewpoint into the common space, as they might have when sitting in a room together.",
   "location": "§3.3, pp. 7–8"
  },
  {
   "term": "Video preview (self view)",
   "definition": "The image of yourself shown in most video calls, which Perspectives removed.",
   "quote": "it is inconsistent with our interactions in the physical world where we do not also see of mirror of ourselves when talking with others",
   "location": "§3.3.1, pp. 7–8"
  }
 ],
 "method": {
  "design": "Mixed-design user study: layout condition (Gallery, Together Mode, Front Row, Perspectives) within subjects, in-room versus remote between subjects, and Latin square counterbalancing repeated three times.",
  "prototype": "Perspectives, a hybrid meeting system that places everyone in one virtual meeting room around a semi-circular table. People in the conference room see the virtual room projected life-size on the wall as an extension of their own room, with the remote participants' videos (backgrounds removed) seated around the table. Each remote participant sees the same room, with wall art, plants and doorways as landmarks, from their own seat at the table, so everyone keeps the same place whoever is looking. No one sees a video of themselves. Voices come from where each person appears, through a Dolby Atmos system in the room and headsets for remote participants. Each person in the room has their own webcam and head-worn microphone so they can be placed individually. Built as a Unity application using Microsoft Teams video streams. Compared with three Microsoft Teams layouts rebuilt on the same platform: Gallery (a grid of videos), Together Mode (everyone in one shared scene, all seeing the same view) and Front Row (remote people along the bottom of the room display, while remote people see a grid).",
  "prototypeFigure": 1,
  "setting": "Simulated hybrid meetings. In each group of five people who knew each other, two sat in a conference room with a projected display and spatial audio, and three joined from separate offices set up as home workspaces. Groups did warm-up tasks (counting off to 30, an ice-breaker) and a five-minute group decision task in each condition.",
  "sample": "60 participants in 12 groups, mostly employees of the authors' company because of COVID protocols. 56.7% man and 43.3% woman.",
  "n": 60,
  "duration": "Each session took between 90 and 110 minutes.",
  "analysis": "Post-condition surveys (co-presence, perceived effort and other Likert items), a layout-sketching task and timing of the counting task as measures of cognitive load, final preference rankings, analysed with Aligned Rank Transform and repeated measures ANOVA. Thematic analysis of group interviews."
 },
 "findings": [
  {
   "headline": "The shared table was preferred.",
   "summary": "Asked to rank the layouts after simulated hybrid meetings of five colleagues (two in a conference room, three remote), participants ranked Perspectives highest and the standard Gallery grid lowest. Preferences depended on whether people were in the room or remote.",
   "quote": "Result 1a: Perspectives was ranked highest in terms of preference.",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-14",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.1, p. 14)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Spatial layouts felt more like one room.",
   "summary": "Participants felt more in the same space as each other with layouts that place people in a shared scene than with the Gallery grid. In the room this held for Perspectives, Together Mode and Front Row, and remotely for Perspectives and Together Mode.",
   "quote": "I liked the feeling of being physically in a room, it makes me feel more focused and engaged in the conversation and on others",
   "location": "§6.2, p. 17",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-2-p-17",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.2, p. 17)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Easier to remember who sat where.",
   "summary": "After each layout, participants sketched from memory where everyone had been. They made fewer errors after Perspectives than after any other layout. The authors' reading:",
   "quote": "participants were able to more readily develop a mental model in Perspectives compared to the other conditions",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 18",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-3-p-18",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.3, p. 18)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Turn-taking around the table was faster.",
   "summary": "In a warm-up task in which groups counted off to 30 in turn, groups were faster with Perspectives than with Gallery or Together Mode.",
   "quote": "groups were significantly faster in the Perspectives condition than in Gallery (p=.02) or Together Mode (p<.01)",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 18",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-3-p-18-2",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.3, p. 18)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Remote attendees were less keen.",
   "summary": "Remote participants were more negative about Perspectives than people in the room, partly because they could not see themselves and felt seated across the table from the group, as if presenting to it.",
   "quote": "Not seeing myself sucked",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 15",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-15",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.1, p. 15)"
  },
  {
   "headline": "Spatial audio helped in every layout.",
   "summary": "Voices that came from where each person appeared on screen were valued in every layout, for natural conversation and for following overlapping talk.",
   "quote": "Multiple people were able to talk over each other and still be understandable (like a real conversation).",
   "location": "§6.5, p. 19",
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-5-p-19",
   "cite": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200 (§6.5, p. 19)"
  }
 ],
 "questions": [
  {
   "question": "Why does a grid of video tiles make meetings feel disconnected?",
   "answer": "A grid gives no consistent sense of where anyone is, because the tiles are arranged differently on each person's screen. In simulated hybrid meetings, a shared scene made people feel more in the same space. A fixed seating plan made the group easier to follow.",
   "source": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§6.1, p. 14",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-14"
    },
    {
     "location": "§6.2, p. 17",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-2-p-17"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Does a consistent seating plan matter in video meetings?",
   "answer": "It seemed to. When everyone kept the same place around one table, seen from their own seat, people sketched the group's layout from memory with fewer errors. They also took turns around the table faster, suggesting a clearer mental picture of the group and possibly lower mental effort.",
   "source": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§6.3, p. 18",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-3-p-18"
    },
    {
     "location": "§6.3, p. 18",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-3-p-18-2"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Should video calls stop showing you your own image?",
   "answer": "Opinions split. Some found no self view more natural and less distracting. Others, especially people joining remotely, missed it and wanted reassurance about how they appeared. People in the room missed it less, perhaps because sharing a room made them feel properly seen and heard.",
   "source": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§6.1, p. 15",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-15"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "question": "Does a hybrid meeting design work equally well for people in the room and remote?",
   "answer": "Not always. Many benefits were stronger in the conference room, where the virtual table extended the real one. People joining remotely were more negative about the same design, missing their self view and feeling seated across from the group rather than among it.",
   "source": "John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200",
   "basedOn": [
    {
     "location": "§6.1, p. 14",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-14"
    },
    {
     "location": "§6.1, p. 15",
     "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.html#at-s6-1-p-15"
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "cites": [
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/belonging-there-vroom-ing-into-the-uncanny-valley-of-xr-telepresence.html",
   "title": "Belonging There: VROOM-ing into the Uncanny Valley of XR Telepresence",
   "location": "p. 23"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/hybrid-meetings-in-the-modern-workplace-stories-of-success-and-failure.html",
   "title": "Hybrid Meetings in the Modern Workplace: Stories of Success and Failure",
   "location": "p. 24"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/reconfiguring-hybrid-meetings-moving-from-user-centered-design-to-meeting-centered-design.html",
   "title": "(Re)Configuring Hybrid Meetings: Moving from User-Centered Design to Meeting-Centered Design",
   "location": "p. 24"
  },
  {
   "url": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/vroom-virtual-robot-overlay-for-online-meetings.html",
   "title": "VROOM: Virtual Robot Overlay for Online Meetings",
   "location": "p. 5"
  }
 ],
 "quantitative": [
  {
   "measure": "Preference ranking: main effect of condition",
   "value": "F3,174 = 5.87, p < .01",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Preference ranking: condition × in-room/remote interaction",
   "value": "F3,174 = 3.69, p = .01",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Ranked Perspectives first; first or second (of 60 participants)",
   "value": "48% (29 of 60) first; 60% (36 of 60) first or second",
   "location": "Fig. 4, p. 14",
   "source": "Fig. 4 (read from bars)"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Rated Gallery last",
   "value": "38% of participants",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 14"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Rated Perspectives negatively, remote vs in-room",
   "value": "28% vs 12%",
   "location": "§6.1, p. 15"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Co-presence: main effect of condition",
   "value": "F3,174 = 15.99, p < .001",
   "location": "§6.2, p. 16"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Mean co-presence rating (1-5), in-room: Perspectives vs Gallery",
   "value": "3.83 vs 2.21",
   "location": "Table 4, p. 17"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Sketch errors: main effect of condition",
   "value": "F3,177 = 2.62, p = .05",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 18"
  },
  {
   "measure": "Counting task round time: main effect of condition",
   "value": "F3,217, 5.16, p < .01",
   "location": "§6.3, p. 18"
  }
 ],
 "implications": [
  {
   "summary": "Let users control whether a video preview is shown, and give remote participants some reassurance about how they are being captured.",
   "quote": "Given the highly variable results in our study, the current design guidance should be to give the user control over whether to show video previews.",
   "location": "§7.3, p. 20"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Tune the composited scene for each endpoint, for example placing video higher on the screen for laptops whose cameras sit at the top.",
   "quote": "A better design for these remote endpoints may be to locate the video streams higher up on the display to enhance gaze awareness.",
   "location": "§7.1, pp. 19–20"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Any of the tested spatial layouts may be a better default for hybrid meetings than Gallery.",
   "quote": "In almost all measures, participants ranked any of the conditions as significantly better than the default Gallery mode.",
   "location": "§7.4, p. 21"
  },
  {
   "summary": "Fit each layout to where people are, even if local and remote layouts then differ, as long as everyone benefits. An asymmetry that served only the room (Front Row, spatial in the room but a grid for remote participants) was rated significantly higher in the room than remotely.",
   "quote": "we should not be afraid to explore asymmetrical layouts and features for local and remote participants if they provide clear inclusivity benefits while evoking consistent, relative spatial awareness",
   "location": "§7.4, p. 21"
  }
 ],
 "limitations": [
  {
   "summary": "Only the audio-visual layout was tested. Screen sharing, chat, reactions and people joining or leaving were not.",
   "quote": "Our study did not include a comparison of screen sharing, text chat, reactions, or other meeting tools",
   "location": "§8, p. 21"
  },
  {
   "summary": "One meeting size, configuration and type was studied, in a single session. Larger meetings, other meeting types and use over time remain open.",
   "quote": "The meeting size (five participants), configuration (2 in-room, 3 remote) and type (brainstorming)",
   "location": "§8, p. 21"
  },
  {
   "summary": "COVID-19 limited recruitment mostly to the authors' company, and all participants came to one site, so crossing site or cultural boundaries was not studied.",
   "quote": "COVID-19 challenges affected many aspects of running the study including limitations on recruitment to people within our company.",
   "location": "§8, p. 22"
  }
 ],
 "figures": [
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences/fig-4.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 4. Rank ordered preference of each condition from 1 (most preferred) to 7 (least preferred)",
   "alt": "Stacked bar chart of how 60 participants ranked each layout from 1 to 7. Perspectives has the most first-place ranks. Gallery has the most last-place ranks. Together Mode and Front Row fall between.",
   "location": "Fig. 4, p. 14",
   "credit": "Figure 4 from John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences/fig-5.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 5. Preference rankings for each condition according to being in the room or remote",
   "alt": "Stacked bars of positive (1-2), neutral and negative (6-7) rankings per layout for in-room and remote participants. Perspectives is mostly positive in both. 28% of remote and 12% of in-room participants rated it negatively.",
   "location": "Fig. 5, p. 15",
   "credit": "Figure 5 from John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200"
  },
  {
   "src": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/figures/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences/fig-1.webp",
   "caption": "Fig. 1. The Perspectives prototype UX for those gathered together in the meeting room",
   "alt": "People at a meeting-room table facing a large wall display that shows a shared virtual room, with remote participants seated around a curved table.",
   "location": "Figure 1, p. 2",
   "credit": "Figure 1 from John Tang, Kori Inkpen, Sasa Junuzovic, Keri Mallari, Andrew D. Wilson, Sean Rintel, Shiraz Cupala, Tony Carbary, Abigail Sellen, and Bill Buxton. 2023. Perspectives: Creating Inclusive and Equitable Hybrid Meeting Experiences. CSCW 2023. https://doi.org/10.1145/3610200"
  }
 ],
 "pageNumbersReferTo": "https://seanrintel.com/publications/perspectives-creating-inclusive-and-equitable-hybrid-meeting-experiences.pdf",
 "verified": "2026-10-25",
 "studyFigure": {
  "about": "The opening figure on this paper's page, made for the site with AI assistance from this verified brief. It is not the paper's own figure. Evidence entries index this file's quantitative, findings and limitations arrays.",
  "study": {
   "kind": "comparison",
   "summary": "Experiment with 60 people, mostly employees of the authors' company, in 12 groups of five colleagues, two in a conference room and three remote. Every group used all four layouts in counterbalanced order, in sessions of 90 to 110 minutes.",
   "columns": [
    "What people in the room saw",
    "What remote people saw"
   ],
   "groups": [
    {
     "name": "Gallery",
     "n": 60,
     "cells": [
      "A grid of video tiles",
      "A grid of video tiles"
     ],
     "nLabel": "all 60 people"
    },
    {
     "name": "Together Mode",
     "n": 60,
     "cells": [
      "Everyone in one shared scene",
      "The same shared scene, the same view for all"
     ],
     "nLabel": "all 60 people"
    },
    {
     "name": "Front Row",
     "n": 60,
     "cells": [
      "Remote people along the bottom of the display",
      "A grid of video tiles"
     ],
     "nLabel": "all 60 people"
    },
    {
     "name": "Perspectives",
     "n": 60,
     "cells": [
      "A virtual room extending their own, life size on the wall",
      "The same room from their own seat at the table"
     ],
     "highlight": [
      0,
      1
     ],
     "nLabel": "all 60 people"
    }
   ],
   "after": {
    "label": "End of session: ranking",
    "note": "Each person ranked the four layouts"
   }
  },
  "tool": {
   "heading": "The system",
   "steps": [
    {
     "title": "Seat everyone at one table",
     "text": "Everyone is placed in one virtual meeting room around a semi-circular table, with backgrounds removed from remote video.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Extend the room",
     "text": "People in the conference room see the virtual room projected life size on the wall, as an extension of their own room.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Give each person a seat",
     "text": "Each remote person sees the room from their own seat, so everyone keeps the same place whoever is looking.",
     "part": true
    },
    {
     "title": "Capture people one by one",
     "text": "Each person in the room has their own webcam and head-worn microphone, so the system can place them individually."
    },
    {
     "title": "Place the voices",
     "text": "Voices come from where each person appears, through spatial audio in the room and headsets for remote people."
    }
   ],
   "note": "No one sees a video of themselves. The three other layouts were rebuilt on the same platform, and spatial audio was valued in every layout."
  },
  "findings": {
   "legend": "comparison",
   "stages": [
    {
     "title": "Preference",
     "sub": "rankings at the end of each session",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Perspectives: ranked highest of the four layouts, with Gallery ranked lowest.",
       "detail": "Of 60 people, 29 ranked Perspectives first, read from a chart. A reliable effect of layout on rankings, p < .01.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[0]",
        "quantitative[0]",
        "quantitative[2]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "none",
       "text": "Perspectives: remote people rated it negatively more often, 28% against 12% in the room.",
       "detail": "Some remote people missed seeing themselves and felt seated across the table from the group, as if presenting to it.",
       "evidence": [
        "quantitative[4]",
        "quantitative[1]",
        "findings[4]"
       ]
      }
     ]
    },
    {
     "title": "Sense of space",
     "sub": "survey ratings, memory and timing after each layout, compared with Gallery",
     "items": [
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Perspectives: people in the room reported feeling more in the same space than with Gallery.",
       "detail": "Self-reported co-presence on a 1 to 5 scale, 3.83 against 2.21. Remote people reported the same for Perspectives and Together Mode.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[1]",
        "quantitative[5]",
        "quantitative[6]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Perspectives: people made fewer errors sketching from memory who sat where.",
       "detail": "Fewer errors than after any other layout, p = .05. The authors read this as an easier mental model of the room.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[2]",
        "quantitative[7]"
       ]
      },
      {
       "dir": "up",
       "text": "Perspectives: rounds of counting off to 30 took less time than with Gallery.",
       "detail": "A warm-up turn-taking task, also faster than with Together Mode. The authors used the timing as a measure of mental effort.",
       "evidence": [
        "findings[3]",
        "quantitative[8]",
        "method"
       ]
      }
     ]
    }
   ],
   "legendText": "↑ better than with Gallery   ↓ worse   – no reliable difference"
  },
  "keyTerm": "spatiality",
  "takeaway": "Hybrid meetings can gain spatiality when room and remote attendees are composited into one shared scene, with consistent seats and a first-person view for each. Designs may need tuning for remote people, who can feel set apart."
 }
}